Although the greater water availability in the world, Brazil meet drought and conflict for the use of the water problems in many regions. Lives in a water-rich area, the measured use of water continues to be one of the least important concerns of people who do not perceive défits for the future as in the northern regions of the country, the population knows this and is deeply aware.
One of the major programs of the federal government was to give everyone the opportunity to span class='txtorange'>collect rainwater in a span class='txtorange'>tank specially installed for this purpose.
Another project (which can also raise many questions about its consequences) was to create channels for deflecting a portion of the São Francisco river water to irrigate parts of the Northeast and promote agriculture which suffered greatly from the drought.
Certainly the lack of education, regardless of social class, remains the source of preconceptions that are used to justify the habits and waste of natural resources.
Three examples: In the agricultural sector we can also see absurd things such as irrigation of sugarcane production and soybean, transgenic crops that were adapted to the climate, and that for reasons of efficiency and profits (already subsidized crops), will help to lower the environmental resources (water, ...).
Brazil is not the only country to do this, but trends towards concentration of surfaces and thus lower costs go against the development of an agriculture that will feed everyone. The African continent is beginning to understand (with the development of agriculture on a human scale and family that will bring everyone what to eat and sell as well).
The large-scale high productivity benefits few people, always the same, but more importantly, creates havoc on our environment which we leave to future generations.
But the main enemy of man is he not the man himself !! The "lavajato", car wash service that can meet in every corner and only useful than "make a beauty" to the vehicle, which often does not hurt, but in Brazil, seem so important a brilliant car (as new) is required to be seen.
The need for vehicle maintenance cleaning is justified regularly without problem, but as it is used here today, here there is a problem because the amounts of water used are enormous.
How to open the water tap is also a sign that the awareness of the value of water is still far from the minds.
In Europe for example, water is a scarce commodity, not so much by its lack (although climate change alters so deep the usual balance) but because of its price.
Attitudes will have to change here.
Federal law passed there few years will be the basis for the states that will have to legislate on water resources in the future. The growth and development of each state contribute to making difficult some restrictive measures, but awareness appears.
However, the absence of political or the non-application of the measures in place but not enforced for lack of engineering and determination such as for the treatment of waste water and sewage are still unresolved, show that road is still long. And like many time is the case, the decisions in haste are often done incorrectly.
The political will (virtually nonexistent in most cases) !!
The soils of the Cerrado biomass.
The soil is the result of five variables (minimum) interdependent called soil-forming factors which are:
-the climate, -the organisms, -the original material, -the relief, -the weather.
In addition to these five factors, there is also the very strong correlation between soil and vegetation.
In determining the classification of soils are analyzed: *several morphological and physical characteristics (color, texture and structure), *and also chemical characteristics with the fertility of the soil, acidity and organic matter.
Another factor is the porosity and the depth of the soil.
In the expanses of the Cerrado, there are various types of rocks as those rich in minerals (iron, magnesium) as basalt, diabase (similar to volcanic basalt), gabbro (plutonic rock) and derivative granules (Mata Seca and Cerradão).
For poor rocks such as granite, quartz crystals, chistes, slates and sand, they occur in low fertility soils.
In landscapes roughest, in more or less undulating landforms, rocks minerals are associated with young soils of good fertility.
For flat or less wavy reliefs, fertility is much less, but with an important wealth in micro elements.
The interaction of humans with nature will bring induced degradation such as deforestation, the practice of the fire, the substitution of flora and fauna by cattle herds, the use of machinery, fertilizers and pesticides, water exploration (as was already reported before) ...
All of this will help to alter certain components. In order to solve this troubleshooting, we must succeed in finding solutions to balance the needs arising from the development of society and a nature that was only slightly protected until today.
Morphological and physical characteristics are:
A) - The color-
There is a reference color table named Munsell (most recognized in the US) which is a classification of some 170 colors arranged in the shape corresponding to a purely visual approach to the color.
Recall that there are two approaches for color grading, the purely physical approach to the RGB type ICE, ... and physical approach, but corrected by data psychometrics (science studying all the technical measures practiced in psychology, and these technical measures validation ): CIELABCIELUV.
Three basic elements governing the Munsell color system: *intensity or Hue - The pure color, broken down into five basic colors, red (R), yellow (Y), green (G), blue (B), and purple (P) and five intermediate colors are orange (YR), green-yellow (GY) the dark cyan (BG), the purplish blue (PB) and purple (RP). *Saturation or Chrome (Chroma) - proportion of basic color mixing with the gray tone. Also according from 0 to 10. *Shade or value (Value) - This is the tone of this gray in color ("clarity" of the color), according from white (value 10) or black (value 0),
Generally, when the color is darker, better is the capacity of organic matter, the presence of iron oxide gives reddish tones, intensities below 2 or 3 may indicate a gleization process (typical medium under reducing conditions process what happens when there is saturation of water in most cases), and the blue-black color can determine the presence of magnesium.
B) -Texture- - (four types of the more sandy to more clayey).
Depends on its composition, the proportion of sand (composed mainly of crystal of quartz and primary ores), silt, or clay (composition good amount of aluminum oxide) - gibbsite (important ore of aluminum ) - and iron - goethite (mineral species), and hematite (mineral species composed of iron oxide).
therefore, it will have an impact in: -the infiltration rate of water, -the water retention, -the soil aeration, -the ease of mechanization, -the distribution nuitritifs compounds determined (soil fertility).
The percentages of clay, silt or sand and silte profoundly change along the extent of land and the way will be scattered these different types of granules is of extreme importance for the dissemination of the water in the ground.
In Brazil, there is a surface layer that is sandy and clayey undercoat resulting in a difference when the porosity. Water ends to penetrate more easily into the top portion and slowly in the lower layer. This facilitates erosion depending on the terrain and vegetation cover or may harm the plants root development.
C) -The Structure-
This is the group of primary particles are sand, silt and clay forming aggregates which have various degrees of adherence (hard or crumbly).
The structure may change over time. Its classification is based as: -types - column, prism, block, granulated, -size - small, medium, large, -and type of degree - low, moderate, strong.
D) -The Other Features - Texture - violent change is the increase of clay on a shallow (< 7 cm), doubling its content at least between horizons A and E or B to the extent referenced (with consequent greater risk 'erosion). Organic matter (humus) - an important factor as a source of nutrients and also the ability to retain and exchange cations (positively charged chemical elementos of plant available) On the other hand, its strong retention capacity allows to maintain the balance between the costs of the soil (clay-humus complex soil). Porosity - Corresponds to the volume occupied by water and by air. If is important, gas exchange will allow the development of a plant root system.
Soil horizons or horizontal layers of different morphology. These layers are called horizons and depend for its bounding fields strictly meaningfull pedologist. The sum of these layers defines the soil profile. The pedogenetic action, such as the disruption of living beings, the infiltration of water, among others, different depending on the profile, is constantly on the development of certain horizons.
Basically a soil profile has the following backgrounds: *- O - Organic soil horizon and somewhat dark, *- H - Horizon organic constitution, superficial or not, composed of organic residues accumulated in accumulation or in stagnant water conditions. *- A - Surface horizon, with many interferences of the climate and the biomass (higher mineral content with humus). *- E - Eluvial horizon (formed by the weathering of preexisting rock), or either export of material, generally clays and minerals small (increasingly clear general). *- B - Horizon width higher concentration of clay, ore from upper horizons (soil with a stronger staining constituttion aggregates and development). *- C - Sparse soil mixing portion with rocks slightly altered from the parent rock (more or less according to the concept of saprolite (rock soil deep cuts sometimes the original rock, hard, 'leptique' by impairment chemical parent rock, result of the climate action, water or hydro-thermal action without being transported (friable). *- R ou D - Roche mother unaltered (difficult access).
Whatever the place, it's a close relationship in both directions between vegetation and soil, vegetation dependent on soil type but can also cause changes in texture with organic matter (type A horizon).
For this, the cerradão for example, deciduous trees can facilitate the enrichment of the soil each year and the horizon "A" will be thicker than the mata seca, this also at the mata galeria (composed of more trees perennial leaves) or in the ciliary mata.
The campo sujo, the campo limpo or the rock campo are generally poor in nutrients.
Horizons et landslide - Example.
For the classification of soils, each country has its own classification system suited to its own geological characteristics but made from one designed by F.A.O..
Brazil did the same and made changes in the years 1999 and 2006 (see Brazilian system of soil classification).
In the Cerrado, in summary, the types of soils that dominate are: *- order Latossolo - Suborder Red-Yellow (deep or very deep soil consisting primarily of mineral substances composed of a texture that can be very clay to clay - is found in many chapadas), - Occupies roughly 25% of the territory of the biomass in the following types of vegetation: Cerradão, Cerrado denso, Cerrado Típico, Mata Ciliar, Mata de Galeira,
*- order Latossolo - Suborder Red - occupies roughly 20% of the territory of biomass in the following types of vegetation: Cerradão, Cerrado Denso, Cerrado Típico, Mata Seca,
*- order Neossolo - Suborder Quartzarênico
(Deep, very well drained and made practically only quartz grains of sand grains taile) - Occupies roughly 15% of the territory of the biomass in the following vegetation types Cerradão, Cerrado Denso, Cerrado Ralo, Cerrado Típico,
*- order Argissolo - Suborder Red-Yellow - (Clay soils of all colorations (a majority of yellow color), deep (not like Latossolos) and tend to be more fertile than other soils cerrado.Le tier of them are eutrophics (rich organic matter).
*- order Neossolo - Suborder Litólico - (Ras soils not flooded, with the original rock within 50 cm from the surface. The properties are functions of the rock).
*- order Argissolo - Suborder red
*- order Plintossolo - Suborder Háplico - each occupies roughly 5% of the territory of bioasse for the following vegetation type, - (Soil with low organic matter content, high content of iron oxide and aluminum, and low content of basic elements (cations) for the exchange of elements (Ca, Mg, K e) and organic matter is often found in the cerrado: Cerrado Denso, Típico Cerrado, Campo Cave, Cave Cerrado, Campo Sujo ...
Many other types of ground biomass occupy spaces in size but much lower than those above mentioned above (of the order of 1 to 0.1%).
The chemical characteristics are in relation to soil fertility can be low or high.
The main natural sources of nutritious elements of higher plants that thrive are the primary minerals of rocks and organic residues.
The composition and structure of the rock and the transformation process under the action of water, plants, temperature, microorganisms, wind, etc in the physical degradation and chemical modification of terreste materials exposed on the surface are the main conditions for obtaining a quantity and quality of nutrients in the soil.
It is important to note that the abundance of water can have adverse consequences to those mentioned earlier, on soil which were washed out and therefore a decline in soil fertility.
The vast majority of rocks do not contain nitrogen in their composition and therefore, they do not bring this element to the soil occasionally deterioration.
Other mechanisms, such as biological nitrogen fixation, are needed to bring this item to sol. The quantity and quality of the items from the decomposition of organic matter depends on the biochemical composition of plants, physicochemical properties and mineralogical soil and climatic and topographic conditions of the place.
The degree of acidity plays an important role in this balance.
The main minerals that may be found in soils and chemical contributions of trade are: the nitrogen, the phosphorus, the potassium, the calcium, the magnesium, the sulfur, ...
The area of the cerrado and its systems, and also massive central Brazil are spread through the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul.
The Xingu National Park is part of Equatorial Domínio Amazônico or Tropico Umido or even if it can encontrer various elements common to the cerrado, on this site.
The population includes 26 diverse cropping peoples.
As of today, it can not be used to give some notion of what was the story of these people in previous centuries, before the period of occupation by the colon.
Groups of surviving indigenous populations:(See Indigenous peoples of Brazil)(language portuguese). Guajajara, in the south central of the State of Maranhão, Urubu-kaapor, in the north of State of Maranhão, in the transition areas between the Cerrado and the Amazon, Guajá, in the south central of the State of Maranhão, to the north of the State of Tocantins (last nations hunters and gatherers in Brazil), Tembé, in the northeast of the State of Maranhão, Gavião, State of Maranhão, Krikati, State of Maranhão, Krikati/Gavião in the State of Maranhão, Bakairi, in the Chapada dos Guimarães region, at the east of the State of Mato Grosso,
Timbira, State of Maranhão, Canella Apaniekra, State of Maranhão, Canela Rankokamekra, State of Maranhão, Bororó, State of Mato Grosso, Xavante, at the east of the State of Mato Grosso, Javaé/Karajá, State of Tocantins, Karajá, State of Goiás, of Tocantins and a few number in the State of Mato Grosso, Karajá, State of Tocantins, Tapirapé, State of Tocantins and the State of Mato Grosso, Avá-Canoeiro, State of Goiás (Cavalcante, Minaçu, ...), Xerente, State of Tocantins, Krahô, State of Tocantins, Apinayê, State of Tocantins, Guarani, State of Mato Grosso do Sul and the State of Tocantins, Kadiwéu, State fo Mato Grosso do Sul, Terena, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Camba, State of Mato Grosso do Sul.
Documentary sources are varied with among others the work edited by Embrapa (Brazilian state agency) entitled - Cerrado - Volumo 1 Ecologia e flora - Sueli Matiko Sano, Semíramis Pedrosa de Almeida e José Felipe Ribeiro. Many experts participated in this publication.
A second volume is part of the publication with the nomenclature of plants listed here.
Horizons et landslide - Example.
Canella Apaniekra, State of Maranhão,